Mō te hangarau whakaputa muka pātarati, me kōrero ahau mō Paul Dhe nō Parani. Ko ia te tangata tuatahi i whakaaro ki te whakaputa muka mai i te pātarati. I tono ia mō tētahi patent US i te tau 1923. I te tau 1960 pea, ka tīmata te United States me te Soviet Union o mua ki te ako i te whakamahinga o te pātarati, inā koa i roto i ngā taputapu hōia pēnei i ngā rōkete. I te raki-mā-uru o te United States, he maha ngā hanganga pātarati e kohikohia ana. I whakahaerehia e te Whare Wānanga o te Kāwanatanga o Washington, RVSubramanian, he rangahau mō te hanganga matū o te pātarati, ngā āhuatanga whakaputa me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o ngā muka pātarati. Kua whakahaerehia e Owens Corning (OC) me ētahi atu kamupene karāhe ētahi kaupapa rangahau motuhake, ā, kua whiwhi i ētahi patent US. I te tau 1970 pea, ka whakarērea e te American Glass Company te rangahau o te muka pātarati, ka arotahi rautaki ki āna hua matua, ā, he maha ngā muka karāhe pai ake i whakawhanakehia tae atu ki te muka karāhe S-2 a Owens Corning.
I taua wā anō, kei te haere tonu ngā mahi rangahau i Ūropi ki te Rawhiti. Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1950, ko ngā umanga motuhake e mahi ana i tēnei mara rangahau i Moscow, Prague me ētahi atu rohe i whakamotuhaketia e te Manatū Tiaki o mua o te Rōpū Soviet, ā, i whakawhāitihia ki te Rōpū Soviet o mua e tata ana ki Kiev i Ukraine. Ngā whare rangahau me ngā wheketere. Whai muri i te pakaru o te Rōpū Soviet i te tau 1991, i tangohia ngā hua rangahau o te Rōpū Soviet, ā, i tīmata te whakamahi i roto i ngā hua ā-iwi.
I ēnei rā, ko te nuinga o ngā rangahau, te whakaputa me te whakamahinga mākete o te muka papara e ahu mai ana i ngā hua rangahau o te Uniana Sōviete o mua. Ina tirohia te whanaketanga o nāianei o te muka papara ā-rohe, e toru ngā momo hangarau whakaputa muka papara tonu: ko tētahi ko te oumu hiko whakakotahi e tohuhia ana e Sichuan Aerospace Tuoxin, ko tētahi ko te oumu hiko katoa e tohuhia ana e Zhejiang Shijin Company, ā, ko tētahi ko te oumu hiko whakakotahi e tohuhia ana e Sichuan Aerospace Tuoxin. Ko te momo ko te muka kohatu papara a Zhengzhou Dengdian Group hei oumu tāke rewa hiko katoa.
Ki te whakataurite i te whai huatanga hangarau me te whai huatanga ōhanga o ētahi tukanga whakaputa ā-rohe, he nui te whai huatanga whakaputa o te oumu hiko-katoa o nāianei, he tika te whakahaere, he iti te whakapaunga pūngao, he tiaki taiao, ā, kāore he tukunga hau tahunga. Ahakoa he hangarau whakaputa muka karāhe, he hangarau whakaputa muka basalt rānei, kei te tautoko te whenua i te whanaketanga o ngā oumu hiko-katoa hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau.
I te tau 2019, mō te wā tuatahi, i whakauru mārama te Komihana Whakawhanake me te Whakahou ā-Motu i te hangarau tuhi oumu kaukau muka basalt ki roto i te "National Industrial Structure Adjustment Guidance Catalog (2019)" hei whakatenatena i te whanaketanga, i tohu i te ahunga mō te whanaketanga o te umanga muka basalt o Haina, ā, i ārahi i ngā umanga whakaputa ki te neke haere mai i ngā oumu wae ki ngā oumu kaukau nui. , Te hikoi ki te whakaputa tauine nui.
E ai ki ngā pūrongo, kua whanake te hangarau tāwhana a te kamupene Kamenny Vek o Rūhia ki te hangarau kume oumu tāwhana 1200-pōka; ā, kei te kaha tonu ngā kaihanga o te whare i te hangarau oumu tāwhana 200 me te 400-pōka. I ngā tau e rua kua pahure ake nei, he maha ngā kamupene o te whare kua ngana tonu ki te rangahau i ngā papa 1200-pōka, 1600-pōka, me te 2400-pōka, ā, kua tutuki ngā hua pai, ā, kua uru ki te wāhanga whakamātautau, e whakatakoto ana i te turanga pai mō te hanga nui o ngā oumu tāke nui me ngā papa nui i Haina a muri ake nei.
He muka hangarau teitei, he muka mahi teitei te muka tonu o te papa parata (CBF). He āhuatanga ōna o te ihirangi hangarau teitei, te wehewehenga mahi ngaio tino tika, me te whānuitanga o ngā mara ngaio. I tēnei wā, kei te tīmatanga tonu te whanaketanga o te hangarau tukanga whakaputa, ā, ināianei ko ngā oumu kotahi te nuinga e whakahaerehia ana. Ki te whakatauritea ki te umanga muka karāhe, he iti te hua o te umanga CBF, he nui te whakamahinga pūngao whānui, he nui ngā utu whakaputa, ā, kāore i te rawaka te whakataetae mākete. Tata ki te 40 tau o te whanaketanga, kua whakawhanakehia ngā oumu tāke nui o nāianei o te 10,000 tāne me te 100,000 tāne. He tino pakari. Pērā i te tauira whanaketanga o te muka karāhe, ka taea e te muka papa parata te neke haere ki te hanga oumu nui kia taea ai te whakaiti tonu i ngā utu whakaputa me te whakapai ake i te kounga hua.
I roto i ngā tau, he maha ngā kamupene whakaputa ā-rohe me ngā whare rangahau pūtaiao kua whakangao i te nui o ngā tāngata mahi, ngā rauemi me ngā rauemi pūtea ki te rangahau i te hangarau whakaputa muka papara. Whai muri i ngā tau o te tūhuratanga me te mahi hangarau, kua pakari te hangarau whakaputa o te tuhi oumu kotahi. Engari kāore i te rawaka te haumi ki te rangahau i te hangarau oumu tāke, he iti noa ngā mahi, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā ka mutu ki te kore angitu.
Rangahau mō te hangarau oumu tākeKo ngā taputapu oumu tētahi o ngā taputapu matua mō te hanga muka tonu o te papare. Mēnā he tika te hanganga o te oumu, mēnā he tika te tohatoha pāmahana, mēnā ka taea e te rauemi ātete te tu atu i te mimiti o te wairewa papare, ngā tawhā whakahaere taumata wai me te pāmahana oumu. Kei mua i a tātou ngā take hangarau matua pērā i te whakahaere, ā, me whakatau katoa.
He mea nui ngā oumu tāke nui mō te whakaputanga nui. He waimarie, kua ārahi a Dengdian Group i roto i te hanga i ngā putanga nui i roto i te rangahau me te whanaketanga o te hangarau oumu tāke rewa hiko-katoa. E ai ki te hunga e mōhio ana ki te umanga, kua whakahaerehia e te kamupene te oumu tāke rewa hiko-katoa me te kaha whakaputa o te 1,200 tana mai i te tau 2018. He putanga nui tēnei i roto i te hangarau tuhi o te oumu tāke rewa hiko-katoa muka basalt, he tohutoro nui me te whakatairanga nui mō te whanaketanga o te umanga muka basalt katoa.
Te rangahau hangarau papa nui:Me rite ngā papa nui o ngā oumu nui. Ko te rangahau hangarau papa e uru ana ki ngā panonitanga o ngā rauemi, te whakatakotoranga o ngā papa, te tohatoha pāmahana, me te hoahoa o te rahi o te hanganga papa. Ehara i te mea ko tēnei anake te mea e tika ana. Me whakamātau maia ngā tohunga ngaio ki te mahi. Ko te hangarau whakaputa o te pereti paheke nui tētahi o ngā huarahi matua ki te whakaiti i te utu whakaputa me te whakapai ake i te kounga hua.
I tēnei wā, ko te maha o ngā kōhao i roto i ngā papa muka tonu o te basalt i te kāinga me tāwāhi he 200 ngā kōhao me te 400 ngā kōhao. Mā te tikanga whakaputa o ngā parapara maha me ngā papa nui ka whakanui ake i te kaha o te mīhini kotahi mā te maha. Ko te ahunga rangahau o ngā papa nui ka whai i te whakaaro whanaketanga o ngā papa muka karāhe, mai i te 800 ngā kōhao, 1200 ngā kōhao, 1600 ngā kōhao, 2400 ngā kōhao, me ētahi atu ki te ahunga o ngā papa kōhao maha atu. Mā te rangahau me te rangahau i tēnei hangarau ka āwhina i te utu whakaputa. Mā te whakaiti i te muka basalt ka whai wāhi hoki ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o te hua, koinei hoki te ahunga kore e taea te karo i te whanaketanga ā muri ake nei. He pai ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o te muka basalt mā te haereere tika, me te tere ake i te tono o te muka karāhe me ngā rauemi hiato.
Rangahau mō ngā rauemi mata o te paparaKo ngā rauemi mata te tūāpapa o ngā umanga whakaputa. I ngā tau e rua kua pahure ake nei, nā te pānga o ngā kaupapa here tiaki taiao ā-motu, he maha ngā maina o te papa kohatu i Haina kāore i taea te keri noa. Kāore i te arotahi ngā rauemi mata ki ngā umanga whakaputa i mua. Kua waiho hei aukati i te whanaketanga o te umanga, ā, kua akiakihia hoki ngā kaihanga me ngā whare rangahau ki te tīmata ki te ako i te whakakotahitanga o ngā rauemi mata o te papa kohatu.
Ko te āhuatanga hangarau o te tukanga whakaputa muka basalt he whai i te tukanga whakaputa o te Soviet Union o mua, ā, he kotahi te konganuku basalt hei rauemi mata. He uaua te tukanga whakaputa ki te hanga i te konganuku. Ko te ia o te whanaketanga ahumahi o nāianei ko te whakamahi i tētahi, i ētahi rānei o ngā kohuke basalt tūturu parakore hei whakataurite i te whakaputanga, he mea e rite ana ki ngā āhuatanga "kore tukunga" o te ahumahi basalt. He maha ngā kamupene whakaputa ā-rohe kua rangahau me te whakamātau.
Wā tuku: 29 Paenga-whāwhā 2021
