He tikanga tawhito, he tikanga nui hoki te mahi parakimete, nō te tau 2000 BC. Mā te whakamahana i tētahi konganuku parakore ki tētahi pāmahana, kātahi ka whakamahi i te pēhanga hei hanga i te āhua e hiahiatia ana. He tikanga noa tēnei mō te hanga i ngā wāhanga kaha, pakari hoki. I roto i te tukanga hanga, e rua ngā tikanga noa, arā, ko te hanga kore utu me te hanga mate. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā rerekētanga, ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga, me ngā whakamahinga o ēnei tikanga e rua.
Te Hanga Koreutu
Ko te hanga kore utu, e mōhiotia ana ko te hanga hama kore utu, ko te tukanga hanga kore utu rānei, he tikanga hanga whakarewa kāore he pokepokea. I roto i te tukanga hanga kore utu, ka whakamahanahia he mea hanga kore utu (he poraka whakarewa, he tokotoko rānei) ki te pāmahana ka huri hei kirihou, kātahi ka hangaia ki te āhua e hiahiatia ana mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pēnei i te hama hanga, i te mīhini hanga rānei. Ka whakawhirinaki tēnei tukanga ki ngā pūkenga o ngā kaimahi whakahaere, me whakahaere e rātou te āhua me te rahi mā te mātakitaki me te mōhio ki te tukanga hanga.
Ngā painga o te hanga kore utu:
1. Ngāwari: He pai te hanga noa mō ngā mea mahi o ngā āhua me ngā rahi rerekē nā te mea kāore he take ki te hanga pokepokea uaua.
2. Te penapena rauemi: Nā te mea kāore he pokepokea ai, kāore he rauemi tāpiri e hiahiatia ana hei hanga i te pokepokea ai, ka taea ai te whakaiti i te para.
3. He pai mō te hanga puranga iti: He pai te hanga kore utu mō te hanga puranga iti nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia he hanga papatipu o ngā pokepokea ai.
Ngā huakore o te hanga kore utu:
1. Te whakawhirinaki ki ngā pūkenga o ngā kaimahi: Ko te kounga o te hanga kore utu e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā pūkenga me ngā wheako o ngā kaimahi, nō reira he teitei ake ngā whakaritenga mō ngā kaimahi.
2. Tere puhoi o te whakaputa: Ki te whakatauritea ki te hanga mate, he puhoi te tere whakaputa o te hanga kore utu.
3. He uaua te whakahaere i te āhua me te rahi: Ki te kore he āwhina o ngā pokepokea, he uaua te whakahaere i te āhua me te rahi i roto i te hanga noa, ā, me nui ake te tukatuka i muri mai.
Ngā tono hanga kore utu:
He mea noa te hanga kore utu i ngā wāhi e whai ake nei:
1. Te hanga i ngā momo wāhanga whakarewa pērā i te hanga whakarewa, ngā wāhanga hama, me ngā mea whakarewa.
2. Te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga miihini kaha-nui, pakari-nui hoki pērā i ngā toki porowhita, ngā tokotoko hono, me ngā peera.
3. Te whakarewa i ngā wāhanga matua o ngā mīhini taumaha me ngā taputapu hangarau.
Te Hanga Mate
Ko te hanga konganuku he tukanga e whakamahi ana i ngā konganuku hei hanga konganuku. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka whakanohoia he konganuku parakore ki roto i tētahi pokepokea motuhake, kātahi ka hangaia kia rite ki te āhua e hiahiatia ana mā te pēhanga. Ka taea e ngā pokepokea te hanga wāhanga kotahi, wāhanga maha rānei, i runga i te uaua o te wāhanga.
Ngā painga o te hanga mati:
1. Te tino tika: Ka taea e te hanga-mati te whakarato i te whakahaere āhua me te rahi tino tika, ka whakaiti i te hiahia mō te tukatuka i muri mai.
2. Putanga teitei: Nā te mea ka taea te whakamahi i te pokepokea ai i ngā wā maha, he pai te hanga pokepokea ai mō te whakaputa papatipu, ā, ka pai ake te whai huatanga o te whakaputa.
3. Te ōritetanga pai: Ka taea e te hanga mate te whakarite i te ōritetanga o ia wāhanga me te whakaiti i te rerekētanga.
Ngā ngoikoretanga o te hanga mati:
1. Te utu hanga nui: He nui te utu mō te hanga pokepokea uaua, inā koa mō te hanga puranga iti, kāore e whai hua ana.
2. Kāore e tika ana mō ngā āhua motuhake: Mō ngā wāhanga tino uaua, kāore rānei i te paerewa te āhua, me hanga pea he pokepoke ritenga utu nui.
3. Kāore i te pai mō te hanga pāmahana iti: Ko te hanga mate he tikanga kia teitei ake ngā pāmahana, ā, kāore i te pai mō ngā wāhanga e hiahia ana ki te hanga pāmahana iti.
Ngā tono o te hanga mate:
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te whakarewa i roto i ngā mara e whai ake nei:
1. Te hanga i ngā wāhanga motuka pēnei i ngā toki porotaka o te miihini, ngā kōpae parai, me ngā pokapū wira.
2. Te hanga i ngā wāhanga matua mō te rāngai rererangi, pērā i ngā tinana o ngā waka rererangi, ngā wāhanga mīhini, me ngā wāhanga whakahaere rere.
3. Te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga hangarau tino tika pērā i ngā peera, ngā taputapu me ngā whata.
I te nuinga o te wā, he painga me he herenga tō te hanga kore utu me te hanga mate, ā, he pai mō ngā hiahia whakaputa rerekē. Ko te whiriwhiri i te tikanga hanga tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki te uaua o te wāhanga, te rahinga whakaputa, me te tika e hiahiatia ana. I roto i ngā tono mahi, me paunatia ēnei āhuatanga kia whakatauhia ai te tukanga hanga tino pai. Ko te whanaketanga tonu me te whakapai ake i ngā tukanga hanga ka haere tonu ki te akiaki i ngā wāhanga tono o ngā tikanga e rua.
He tohunga a Zhengxiwheketere perehi hanga i Haina, e whakarato ana i te kounga teitei kore utungā mīhini hangame ngā mīhini hanga mate. Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki te whakarite me te whakaputa i ngā mīhini hanga waipēhi kia rite ki ngā hiahia o te kiritaki. Mena he hiahia āu, tēnā whakapā mai ki a mātou.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-09-2023
