Igipfukisho cy'umuyoboro w'ibikoresho bivanze ni ubwoko bw'igipfukisho cy'umuyoboro w'igenzura, kandi imiterere yacyo irasobanurwa: igipfukisho cy'umuyoboro w'igenzura cyiyongeraho inzira runaka ikoresha polymer nk'ibikoresho bya matrix, hongerwamo ibikoresho byo kongeramo imbaraga, ibyuzuza, nibindi.
Mu by’ukuri, igipfukisho cy’umuyoboro wa resin (cyitwa kandi polymer glass fibre reinforced plastic manhole cover/composite material material manifestation) ni ubwoko bw’igipfukisho cy’umuyoboro gikoresha fibre y’ikirahure n’ibicuruzwa byacyo (igitambaro cy’ikirahure, kaseti, fel, ubudodo, nibindi) nk’ibikoresho byo gushimangira na resin y’ubukorikori nk’ibikoresho bya matrix. Kigizwe na resin ya polyester idafite amazi, fillers, initiators, thickeners, low shrinkage instruments, film mold agents, pigments n’ibikoresho byo gushimangira, nibindi, hanyuma ni ubwoko bushya bw’ibicuruzwa bipfukisho by’amazi bibumbwa ku bushyuhe bwinshi.
Mu bikoresho byongewemo, ibikoresho bikonjeshwa na fibre (igitambaro cy'ikirahure, kaseti, icyuma gikonjeshwa, ubudodo, nibindi) ni byo by'ingenzi, birangwa n'uburemere buto bwihariye, imbaraga nini yihariye na modulus yihariye. Urugero, ibikoresho bikonjeshwa na fibre ya karuboni na resin ya epoxy, imbaraga zayo zihariye na modulus yihariye bikubye inshuro nyinshi ugereranyije n'iby'icyuma na aloyi ya aluminiyumu, kandi bifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo kudacika intege no kwangirika, birwanya kwisiga, birwanya ubushyuhe, birwanya umunaniro, birwanya gucika intege, bigabanya urusaku, bikingira amashanyarazi n'ibindi bintu. Ibikoresho bikonjeshwa na fibre ya grafiti na resin bishobora kubona ibikoresho bifite coefficient yo kwaguka hafi ya zeru. Ikindi kintu kiranga fibre ni anisotropy, bityo imiterere y'imigozi ishobora gutegurwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'imbaraga z'ibice bitandukanye by'umusaruro. Ibikoresho bikonjeshwa na fibre ya karuboni na fibre ya silikoni carbide bishobora gukomeza kugira imbaraga n'uburyo buhagije kuri 500 °C.
Ibipfukisho by'imashini zifunze bishobora kugabanywamo BMC na SMC bitewe n'ibikenewe ku isoko, uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora n'ibikoresho:
Ibikoresho bya BMC (DMC) ni ibintu bivanze mu gushushanya. Bikunze kwitwa polyester idafite ubushyuhe mu Bushinwa. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi ni prepreg isa n'ifu ivanze neza na GF (fibre y'ikirahure iciwe), UP (resin idafite ubushyuhe), MD (inyunganizi) n'ibindi bikoresho bitandukanye. Ibikoresho bya DMC byakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu cyahoze ari Ubudage bw'Iburengerazuba n'Ubwongereza mu myaka ya 1960, hanyuma bikorerwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'Ubuyapani mu myaka ya 1970 na 1980. Kubera ko BMC ifite imiterere myiza y'amashanyarazi, imiterere y'imashini, ubwirinzi bw'ubushyuhe, ubwirinzi bw'ibinyabutabire, kandi ihuza n'imikorere itandukanye yo gushushanya, ishobora kuzuza ibisabwa n'ibicuruzwa bitandukanye, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zikora imodoka, ubwikorezi bwa gari ya moshi, ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, ibikoresho bya mekanike n'amashanyarazi n'ibindi bikorwa.
Ibikoresho bya SMC ni ibinyabutabire byo gushushanya ku mpapuro. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi bigizwe na GF (ubudodo bwihariye), UP (resine idafite ubushyuhe), inyongeramusaruro nke, MD (inyunganizi) n'ibindi bikoresho by'inyongeramusaruro bitandukanye. Byagaragaye bwa mbere mu Burayi mu ntangiriro za 1960, naho ahagana mu 1965, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'Ubuyapani byateye imbere ubu bukorikori. Mu mpera za 1980, igihugu cyanjye cyatangije inzira zo mu mahanga zigezweho zo gukora SMC n'uburyo bwo kuyikora. Ibikoresho bya SMC bivanze n'ibicuruzwa byabyo bya SMC bifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukingira amashanyarazi, ubushobozi bwo gukora, ubushyuhe buhamye, no kwirinda ingese. Kubwibyo, ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa bya SMC bukoreshwa ni bwinshi cyane. Iterambere ririho ubu ni ugusimbuza ibikoresho bya BMC ibinyabutabire bya SMC.
Ubu ikoreshwa ry'ibipfukisho byacu bya resin bifite uruhare runini mu buzima bwacu, kandi ibipfukisho bya resin biracyagaragara kubera akazi kabyo ko kwisukura.
Gukoresha ibipfukisho by'imyenge ya resin mu muhanda bifite imiterere yo gukingira, nta rusaku, nta gaciro ko kongera gukoresha ibikoresho kandi birwanya ubujura karemano. Ntibishobora gusimburwa n'ibipfukisho by'imyenge byakozwe mu byuma bicuzwe.
Igipfukisho cy'umuyoboro wa resin gikozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwihariye bwo gushushanya, butuma umujyi usa neza. Ubusanzwe igihe cyo kuwukoresha ni imyaka 20-50. Igipfukisho cy'umuyoboro wa resin gikozwe no gushushanya ubushyuhe bwinshi gifite ibyiza byo kuba gifite uburemere bworoshye n'imbaraga nyinshi, kidacika intege cyane kandi ntigishobora kwangirika. Gifite ibyiza byo gushushanya byoroshye, urusaku ruto rwo gusya, kidacika neza mu binyabutabire, kidacika neza mu buryo busanzwe kandi gifite isura nziza, kandi imyanda iri mu mazi yanduye irushaho kugabanuka.
Ubu ku isoko, ibipfukisho by'imashini bikozwe n'inganda zitandukanye zikora ibipfukisho by'imashini bikozwe mu bikoresho bitandukanye, ariko hari ibintu byinshi bisa:
1. Ingufu zikomeye zo kurwanya ubujura: Ibipfukisho by'imyobo ivanze muri rusange bikozwe muri resin idafite amazi, fibre y'ikirahure n'ibindi bikoresho binyuze mu buryo bwihariye bwo gukora, kandi ibicuruzwa nta gaciro bifite ko kongera gukoresha. Gukomeza kongeramo imbaraga ntabwo byoroshye cyane.
2. Igihe cyo gukora: Binyuze mu gukoresha resin ikora neza, fibre y'ikirahure n'uburyo bwihariye bwo gukora, kwinjira kw'igipfukisho cy'amazi muri fibre y'ikirahure birakorwa neza, kandi gufatana hagati yabyo birarushaho kwiyongera, ku buryo ibikoresho bitazangirika bitewe n'umutwaro uhoraho. Kwangirika kw'imbere bibaho, bityo bigatuma igihe cyo gukora cy'umusaruro kirushaho kuba cyiza kimwe n'ibindi bipfukisho by'amazi bya resin, bigakuraho neza ingaruka mbi zo kudafatana neza.
3. Ubushyuhe bwinshi/ubushyuhe buke, ubushobozi bwo gukingira no kurwanya ingese cyane: iki gicuruzwa ntikigira ingese, ntigihumanya kandi ntigitera ingaruka mbi. Nta byuma bigikoresha. Gishobora gukoreshwa ahantu hagoye kandi hahindagurika, hakomeye kandi hasaba imbaraga nyinshi. Ibipfukisho by'imashini bikozwe n'inganda zikora ibipfukisho by'imashini bivanze bya Bester byageragejwe n'ibigo bibishinzwe byo gupima, kandi bifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya aside na alkali, kurwanya ingese, kurwanya gusaza n'ibindi bimenyetso byinshi byujuje ibisabwa ku buziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa.
4. Ni nziza kandi ifatika, ifite imiterere yo hejuru: dukurikije ibyo abakiriya bo ku rwego rwo hejuru bakeneye, dushobora gukora LOGO igoye n'amabara atandukanye ku buso bw'igipfukisho kimwe cy'umuyoboro w'amazi gishushanyijeho imiterere yihariye, ku buryo igishushanyo kiba cyoroshye, ibara rikaba ryiza kandi risobanutse. Dukurikije ibyo abakiriya bakeneye, ishobora gukorwamo amabuye atandukanye asa n'ay'imitako y'amabuye.
5. Ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutwara: Hasi hakoreshwa imiterere yihariye, kandi fibre ikomeza gukoreshwa ikozwe mu bikoresho kugira ngo fibre n'igitambaro cy'ikirahure bihuzwe, ku buryo ibicuruzwa bifite ubushobozi runaka bwo gutwara.
6. Kurengera ibidukikije, kudacika intege, urusaku ruto: igipfukisho cy'umuyoboro w'amazi ntikizacika nyuma yuko imodoka izungurutse, kandi nta rusaku rubi rw'amatwi n'umwanda bizabaho.
Mu gushyiramo igipfukisho cy'umuyoboro w'amazi uvanze, kurikiza izi ntambwe enye:
1. Mbere yo gushyiraho, ishingiro ry'igipfundikizo cy'umuyoboro w'amazi rigomba kuba risukuye kandi rikomeye, kandi umurambararo w'imbere, uburebure n'ubugari bigomba kugenwa hakurikijwe ingano y'igipfundikizo cy'umuyoboro w'amazi.
2. Mu gushyira igipfundikizo cy'umuyoboro w'amazi ku muhanda wa sima, witondere ko inkingi y'amazi igomba gusukwaho sima, kandi hagashyirwaho impeta yo kurinda sima ku nkengero zayo kugira ngo ikomeze gukoreshwa mu gihe cy'iminsi 10.
3. Mu gushyira ibifuniko by’amazi avanze ku muhanda wa kaburimbo, hagomba kwitabwaho cyane kugira ngo hirindwe ko imashini z’ubwubatsi zizunguruka umupfundikizo w’amazi n’intebe y’iriba bitangirika.
4. Kugira ngo ubwiza bw'igipfundikizo cy'umuyoboro w'amazi bukomeze kuba bwiza ndetse n'inyandiko isobanutse neza n'igishushanyo, witondere kutanduza igipfundikizo cy'umuyoboro w'amazi mu gihe usuka kaburimbo na sima ku muhanda.
inzira y'iterambere:
(1) Ingufu zayo ni iza kabiri kurusha iz'ibipfundikizo by'imyenge bya pulasitiki by'amabuye. Ishobora gutwara toni zirenga 40 z'imodoka.
(2) Imikorere yayo yose iri hagati y’igipfundikizo cy’imyenge cy’amabuye n’igipfundikizo cy’imyenge cy’imyenge cya sima, ibyo bikaba ari byiza kurusha icya sima; ishobora gukoreshwa mu bihe bikenewe cyane mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga mu gupfundikizo cy’imyenge.
(3) Akamaro kayo gakomeye ni uko idakoresha icyuma gikomeza gushimangira imiterere y’icyuma, ahubwo ikoreshwa n’ibirahure bya fibre, bikoreshwa mu bwoko bwa GRC. Kubwibyo, ifite akarusho ko kudahinduka iyo igiciro cy’icyuma gikomeje kuzamuka. Kubera ko idafite icyuma gito, irwanya ubujura kurusha ibipfukisho by’amabuye bya pulasitiki na fibre beto.
(4) Umuvuduko wayo wo gushonga wihuta inshuro nyinshi kurusha uwa fibre beto, kandi ishobora gusenywa mu masaha 8. Iyo ikozwe mu byiciro bitatu, ishobora gusenywa gatatu mu masaha 24. Nubwo ingano y'ibihumyo iruta iya pulasitiki y'amabuye, ni 1/6 gusa cy'igipfukisho cy'ibihumyo by'ibihumyo. Bishobora kandi kugabanya ishoramari ry'ibihumyo. Hamwe n'umusaruro w'ibihumyo 10.000 ku mwaka, hakenewe ibihumyo 10 gusa.
(5) Igipfukisho cy'umuyoboro w'amazi gikozwe mu buryo buvanze ni cyiza cyane, kigezweho, kandi ntagereranywa n'izindi mashini (nk'imashini zikozwe mu ruziga, imashini zikozwe muri pulasitiki, imashini zikozwe muri pulasitiki zikomejwe n'ibirahure).
(6) Mu kunoza no kuvugurura imiterere y’igipfundikizo cy’imashini zifunga imyenge, ibipimo bitandukanye byarenze urugero rw’inganda za Minisiteri y’Ubwubatsi, kandi muri rusange byageze ku rwego rwiza rw’inganda zifunga imashini zifunga imyenge zo mu gihugu cyanjye.
Madamu Serafina +86 15102806197
Igihe cyo kohereza: 23 Mata 2022
