10 Feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem yas molding

Ntawm no peb yuav qhia 10 feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem yas molding.Nyeem kom paub ntau ntxiv.

1. Txhaj Moulding
2. Tshuab Moulding
3. Extrusion Moulding
4. Calendering (daim ntawv, zaj duab xis)
5. Compression Moulding
6. Compression Txhaj Molding
7. Rotational Moulding
8. Yim, Yas Txhaj Moulding
9. Lub Plawv Txhaum
10. Slush Moulding

1. Txhaj Moulding

Kev txhaj tshuaj molding lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog ntxiv granular lossis powdery raw cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv lub hopper ntawm lub tshuab txhaj tshuaj, thiab cov ntaub ntawv raw yog rhuab thiab melted rau hauv lub xeev kua.Tsav los ntawm cov ntsia hlau los yog piston ntawm lub tshuab txhaj tshuaj, nws nkag mus rau hauv pwm kab noj hniav los ntawm lub nozzle thiab lub rooj vag system ntawm pwm thiab hardens thiab cov duab nyob rau hauv pwm kab noj hniav.Yam cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawmtxhaj tshuaj molding: txhaj tshuaj, lub sij hawm txhaj tshuaj, thiab txhaj tshuaj kub.

Txheej txheem nta:

Qhov zoo:

(1) Lub voj voog luv molding, kev ua haujlwm siab ntau lawm, thiab yooj yim automation.

(2) Nws tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom yas nrog cov duab nyuaj, qhov ntev, thiab cov hlau lossis cov hlau tsis yog hlau.

(3) Cov khoom ruaj khov zoo.

(4) Ntau yam kev hloov kho.

Qhov tsis txaus:

(1) Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv txhaj tshuaj molding yog qhov siab.

(2) Cov qauv ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj pwm yog complex.

(3) Tus nqi tsim khoom yog siab, lub voj voog ntau lawm ntev, thiab nws tsis haum rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ib qho thiab cov khoom me me.

Daim ntawv thov:

Hauv cov khoom lag luam, cov khoom siv txhaj tshuaj muaj xws li cov khoom siv hauv chav ua noj (khoom siv khib nyiab, tais, thoob, lauj kaub, tais diav, thiab ntau lub thawv), vaj tsev ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (lub tshuab plaub hau, lub tshuab nqus tsev, khoom noj khoom haus, thiab lwm yam), cov khoom ua si thiab kev ua si, tsheb. Ntau yam khoom ntawm kev lag luam, qhov chaw ntawm ntau yam khoom, thiab lwm yam.

1) Ntxig Txhaj Moulding

Insert molding yog hais txog kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm cov resin tom qab thauj khoom ua ntej npaj cov khoom sib txawv rau hauv pwm.Ib txoj kev molding nyob rau hauv uas cov khoom molten yog bonded mus rau ib tug insert thiab solidified los ua ib tug integrated khoom.

Txheej txheem nta:

(1) Lub pre-forming ua ke ntawm ntau yam inserts ua rau lub post-engineering ntawm cov khoom unit ua ke ntau rational.
(2) Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qhov yooj yim formability thiab bendability ntawm resin thiab lub rigidity, lub zog, thiab kub tsis kam ntawm hlau yuav ua tau rau hauv complex thiab exquisite hlau-yas integrated khoom.
(3) Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm kev siv cov rwb thaiv tsev ntawm cov resin thiab conductivity ntawm hlau, cov khoom molded tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
(4) Rau cov khoom siv molded nruj thiab nkhaus elastic molded cov khoom ntawm cov roj hmab sealing pads, tom qab txhaj tshuaj molding ntawm lub substrate los tsim ib qho khoom sib xyaw, kev ua haujlwm nyuaj ntawm kev npaj lub nplhaib sealing tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm, ua kom tsis siv neeg ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem tom ntej yooj yim dua. .

2) Ob-xim Txhaj Moulding

Ob-xim txhaj tshuaj molding yog hais txog txoj kev molding ntawm kev txhaj ob hom xim sib txawv rau hauv tib lub pwm.Nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov yas tshwm hauv ob xim sib txawv thiab tseem tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom yas nthuav tawm cov qauv tsis tu ncua lossis cov qauv moiré tsis tu ncua, txhawm rau txhim kho kev siv tau thiab zoo nkauj ntawm cov khoom yas.

Txheej txheem nta:

(1) Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tuaj yeem siv cov ntaub ntawv viscosity tsawg los txo qhov kev txhaj tshuaj.
(2) Los ntawm kev xav txog kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tuaj yeem siv cov khoom siv thib ob.
(3) Raws li kev siv cov yam ntxwv sib txawv, piv txwv li, cov ntaub ntawv mos yog siv rau cov tawv txheej ntawm cov khoom tuab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj yog siv rau cov khoom siv tseem ceeb.Los yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tuaj yeem siv cov yas ua npuas ncauj kom txo qhov hnyav.
(4) Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb qis dua tuaj yeem siv los txo cov nqi.
(5) Cov khoom siv tawv nqaij lossis cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov khoom kim heev nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb, xws li kev cuam tshuam los tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob siab, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv.Qhov no tuaj yeem ua kom cov khoom ua tau zoo.
(6) Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv tawv nqaij thiab cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tuaj yeem txo qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov khoom molded, thiab ua kom lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv los yog cov khoom nto.

3) Microfoam Txhaj Moulding txheej txheem

Microfoam txhaj tshuaj molding txheej txheem yog ib tug tshiab precision txhaj molding tshuab.Cov khoom yog sau los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm qhov pores, thiab kev tsim cov khoom tiav hauv qab qis thiab nruab nrab siab.

Cov txheej txheem microcellular ua npuas ncauj tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb theem:

Ua ntej, cov kua dej supercritical (carbon dioxide lossis nitrogen) yog yaj rau hauv cov nplaum kub yaj los ua ib qho kev daws teeb meem.Tom qab ntawd nws yog txhaj rau hauv pwm kab noj hniav ntawm qhov kub thiab txias los ntawm qhov hloov nozzle.Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm huab cua npuas nuclei yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov khoom vim molecular instability induced los ntawm kub thiab siab txo.Cov npuas nuclei no maj mam loj hlob los ua qhov me me.

Txheej txheem nta:

(1) Precision txhaj tshuaj molding.
(2) Ua txhaum ntau yam kev txwv ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj molding.Nws tuaj yeem txo qhov hnyav ntawm lub workpiece thiab txo lub voj voog molding.
(3) Lub warping deformation thiab seem stability ntawm workpiece yog zoo heev.

Daim ntawv thov:

Tsheb dashboards, qhov rooj vaj huam sib luag, cua txias ducts, thiab lwm yam.

4) Nano Txhaj Moulding (NMT)

NMT (Nano Moulding Technology) yog ib txoj hauv kev sib txuas cov hlau thiab yas nrog nanotechnology.Tom qab cov hlau nto yog nano-kho, cov yas yog ncaj qha mus rau ntawm cov hlau nto, kom cov hlau thiab cov yas tuaj yeem ua tiav.Nano molding tshuab tau muab faib ua ob hom txheej txheem raws li qhov chaw ntawm cov yas:

(1) Cov yas yog ib qho molding ntawm qhov tsis-zoo li nto.
(2) Cov yas yog integrally tsim rau sab nrauv.

Txheej txheem nta:

(1) Cov khoom muaj xim hlau zoo nkauj thiab kev ntxhib los mos.
(2) Ua kom yooj yim rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ua kom cov khoom sib zog, nyias, luv, me me, thiab tus nqi ntau dua li CNC ua.
(3) Txo cov nqi tsim khoom thiab kev sib koom ua ke siab, thiab txo qis kev siv cov khoom siv sib xws.

Siv tau cov ntaub ntawv hlau thiab resin:

(1) Aluminium, magnesium, tooj liab, stainless hlau, titanium, hlau, galvanized ntawv, tooj dag.
(2) Lub adaptability ntawm aluminium alloy muaj zog, nrog rau 1000 rau 7000 series.
(3) Resins suav nrog PPS, PBT, PA6, PA66, thiab PPA.
(4) PPS muaj zog nplaum tshwj xeeb (3000N / c㎡).

Daim ntawv thov:

Mobile case, laptop case, thiab lwm yam.

Tshuab Moulding

Tshuab moulding yog clamp lub molten thermoplastic raw khoom extruded los ntawm extruder rau hauv pwm, thiab ces tshuab cua rau hauv raw khoom.Lub molten raw khoom nthuav dav nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm huab cua siab thiab adheres rau phab ntsa ntawm pwm kab noj hniav.Thaum kawg, txoj kev ua kom txias thiab solidifying rau hauv cov khoom uas xav tau.Tshuab moldingmuab faib ua ob hom: zaj duab xis tshuab moulding thiab hollow tshuab molding.

1) Tshuab tshuab

Zaj duab xis tshuab yog extrude molten yas rau hauv ib lub raj cylindrical nyias los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tuag ntawm lub taub hau extruder.Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tshuab compressed cua mus rau hauv lub puab kab noj hniav ntawm lub nyias raj los ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub tshuab taub hau.Lub raj nyias yog tshuab rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab tubular nrog lub taub loj dua (feem ntau hu ua npuas raj), thiab nws yog coiled tom qab txias.

2) Hollow Tshuab Moulding

Hollow tshuab moulding yog lub tshuab moulding thib ob uas ua rau cov roj hmab zoo li parison kaw hauv cov pwm kab noj hniav rau hauv cov khoom hollow los ntawm kev siv roj.Thiab nws yog ib txoj hauv kev tsim cov khoom yas hollow.Hollow tshuab moulding txawv raws li kev tsim khoom ntawm parison, suav nrog extrusion tshuab moulding, txhaj tshuaj molding, thiab ncab tshuab molding.

1))Extrusion tshuab moulding:Nws yog extrude ib tug tubular parison nrog ib tug extruder, clamp nws nyob rau hauv lub pwm kab noj hniav thiab kaw hauv qab thaum nws kub.Tom qab ntawd dhau compressed cua mus rau hauv lub puab kab noj hniav ntawm lub raj dawb paug thiab tshuab nws mus rau hauv cov duab.

2))Txhaj tshuaj molding:Lub parison siv tau los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj molding.Lub parison tseem nyob ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pwm.Tom qab cov pwm raug kaw nrog lub tshuab pwm, cov cua compressed tau dhau los ntawm cov pwm tseem ceeb.Lub parison yog inflated, txias, thiab cov khoom yog tau tom qab demoulding.

Qhov zoo:

Cov phab ntsa tuab ntawm cov khoom yog sib xws, qhov hnyav kam rau ua me me, tom qab ua haujlwm tsawg dua, thiab qhov chaw khib nyiab me me.

Nws yog tsim rau kev tsim cov khoom me me refined nrog cov khoom loj.

3))Stretch tshuab molding:Lub parison uas tau rhuab mus rau lub stretching kub yog muab tso rau hauv lub tshuab pwm.Cov khoom yog tau los ntawm stretching longitudinally nrog ib tug stretch pas nrig thiab stretching horizontally nrog cua compressed cua.

Daim ntawv thov:

(1) Zaj duab xis tshuab moulding yog siv los ua cov yas nyias pwm.
(2) Hollow tshuab moulding feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom yas hollow (lub raj mis, ntim cov thoob, cov kaus poom dej, roj tank, cov kaus poom, cov khoom ua si, thiab lwm yam).

Extrusion Moulding

Extrusion molding yog tsim nyog rau molding ntawm thermoplastics thiab kuj yog haum rau molding ntawm ib co thermosetting thiab reinforced plastics nrog zoo fluidity.Cov txheej txheem molding yog siv cov rotating ntsia hlau los extrude cov rhuab thiab molten thermoplastic raw khoom los ntawm lub taub hau nrog rau qhov yuav tsum tau hla-sectional duab.Tom qab ntawd nws yog tsim los ntawm tus shaper, thiab tom qab ntawd nws yog txias thiab solidified los ntawm lub txias txias los ua ib yam khoom nrog rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cross-section.

Txheej txheem nta:

(1) Cov khoom siv qis qis.
(2) Kev ua haujlwm yog yooj yim, cov txheej txheem yog yooj yim los tswj, thiab nws yog qhov yooj yim kom paub tsis siv neeg ntau lawm.
(3) Kev ua haujlwm siab ntau lawm.
(4) Cov khoom zoo yog sib xws thiab ntom.
(5) Cov khoom lag luam lossis cov khoom lag luam ib nrab tiav nrog ntau cov duab sib dhos tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev hloov cov tuag ntawm lub taub hau tshuab.

Daim ntawv thov:

Hauv kev tsim cov khoom tsim, extrusion molding muaj zog siv tau.Cov khoom siv extruded muaj xws li cov kav dej, films, rods, monofilaments, ca tapes, nets, hollow ntim, qhov rais, qhov rooj thav duab, daim hlau, cable cladding, monofilaments, thiab lwm yam tshwj xeeb-zoo li cov ntaub ntawv.

Calendering (daim ntawv, zaj duab xis)

Calendering yog ib txoj hauv kev uas cov khoom siv yas hla dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem cua sov kom txuas rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab lossis cov ntawv txheeb raws li kev txiav txim ntawm extrusion thiab ncab.

Txheej txheem nta:

Qhov zoo:

(1) Cov khoom zoo, muaj peev xwm ntau lawm, thiab tsis siv neeg ntau lawm.
(2) Qhov tsis zoo: cov cuab yeej loj, cov kev xav tau siab tshaj plaws, cov cuab yeej pabcuam ntau, thiab cov khoom dav yog txwv los ntawm qhov ntev ntawm cov menyuam ntawm lub calender.

Daim ntawv thov:

Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov PVC mos zaj duab xis, nplooj ntawv, tawv tawv, wallpaper, pem teb tawv, thiab lwm yam.

Compression Moulding

Compression molding yog tsuas yog siv rau molding ntawm thermosetting yas.Raws li cov khoom ntawm molding cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv thiab technology, compression molding yuav muab faib ua ob hom: compression molding thiab lamination molding.

1) Compression Moulding

Compression molding yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau molding thermosetting plastics thiab cov yas reinforced.Cov txheej txheem yog txhawm rau txhawm rau cov khoom siv raw hauv cov pwm uas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias kom cov khoom siv raw melts thiab ntws thiab ntim cov pwm kab noj hniav sib npaug.Tom qab ib lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm tshav kub thiab siab, cov ntaub ntawv raw yog tsim rau hauv cov khoom.Compression molding tshuabsiv cov txheej txheem no. 

Txheej txheem nta:

Moulded khoom yog ntom hauv kev ntxhib los mos, du thiab du thiab du rau hauv tsos, tsis muaj rooj vag cim, thiab muaj kev ruaj khov zoo.

Daim ntawv thov:

Ntawm cov khoom lag luam, cov khoom siv molded muaj xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (plugs thiab sockets), lauj kaub tais diav, cov tais diav, lub raj mis, cov chav dej, cov tais diav uas tsis tuaj yeem (melamine tais), carved yas qhov rooj, thiab lwm yam.

2) Lamination Moulding

Lamination molding yog ib txoj hauv kev los ua ke ob lossis ntau txheej ntawm cov khoom qub lossis cov khoom sib txawv rau hauv ib qho tag nrho nrog cov ntawv lossis cov ntaub ntawv fiber ntau ua cov khoom ntim hauv qab cua sov thiab lub siab.

Txheej txheem nta:

Cov txheej txheem lamination molding muaj peb theem: impregnation, nias, thiab tom qab ua tiav.Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv yas, cov kav dej, cov pas nrig, thiab cov khoom ua qauv.Qhov kev ntxhib los mos yog ntom thiab qhov saum npoo yog du thiab huv.

Compression Txhaj Molding

Compression txhaj molding yog thermosetting yas molding txoj kev tsim los ntawm compression molding, tseem hu ua hloov moulding.Cov txheej txheem zoo ib yam li cov txheej txheem txhaj tshuaj molding.Thaum lub sij hawm compression txhaj tshuaj molding, cov yas yog plasticized nyob rau hauv cov kab noj hniav ntawm cov pwm thiab ces nkag mus rau hauv kab noj hniav los ntawm lub rooj vag system.Kev txhaj tshuaj molding yog plasticized nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntawm lub tshuab txhaj tshuaj molding.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj molding thiab compression molding: cov txheej txheem compression molding yog pub cov khoom ua ntej thiab tom qab ntawd kaw cov pwm, thaum txhaj tshuaj molding feem ntau xav kom cov pwm kaw ua ntej noj.

Txheej txheem nta:

Qhov zoo: (piv rau compression molding)

(1) Cov yas tau raug plasticized ua ntej nkag mus rau hauv cov kab noj hniav, thiab nws tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom yas nrog cov duab nyuaj, cov phab ntsa nyias lossis cov kev hloov pauv loj ntawm phab ntsa tuab, thiab cov ntxig zoo.
(2) Txo lub voj voog molding, txhim kho kev tsim khoom, thiab txhim kho qhov ntom thiab lub zog ntawm cov khoom yas.
(3) Txij li cov pwm raug kaw ua ntej cov yas molding, lub flash ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw yog nyias, yog li qhov tseeb ntawm cov yas yog ib qho yooj yim los lav, thiab cov nplaim roughness kuj tsawg.

Qhov tsis txaus:

(1) Yuav tsum muaj ib feem ntawm cov khoom seem tshuav nyob rau hauv chav noj mov, thiab kev noj cov khoom siv raw yog qhov loj.
(2) Lub trimming ntawm lub rooj vag cov cim ua kom cov haujlwm ua haujlwm.
(3) Lub siab molding yog loj dua li ntawm compression molding, thiab tus nqi shrinkage yog loj dua li ntawm compression molding.
(4) Cov qauv ntawm cov pwm kuj nyuaj dua li cov pwm compression.
(5) Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem nruj dua li compression molding, thiab kev ua haujlwm nyuaj.

Rotational Moulding

Rotational molding yog ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv yas rau hauv pwm, thiab tom qab ntawd cov pwm txuas txuas txuas ntxiv nrog ob txoj kab ntsug thiab rhuab.Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus thiab thermal zog, yas raw khoom nyob rau hauv lub pwm yog maj mam thiab uniformly coated thiab melted, thiab adhered rau tag nrho cov nto ntawm pwm kab noj hniav.Ua raws li qhov xav tau, ces txias thiab zoo li tus, demoulded, thiab thaum kawg, cov khoom tau txais.

Qhov zoo:

(1) Muab qhov chaw tsim ntau dua thiab txo cov nqi sib dhos.
(2) Kev hloov kho yooj yim thiab tus nqi qis.
(3) Txuag raw khoom.

Daim ntawv thov:

Dej polo, ntab pob, pas dej me me, lub tsheb kauj vab lub rooj zaum, surfboard, tshuab casing, tiv thaiv npog, lampshade, ua liaj ua teb sprayer, rooj tog zaum, canoe, camping tsheb ru tsev, thiab lwm yam.

Yim, Yas Txhaj Moulding

Drop molding yog siv cov khoom siv thermoplastic polymer nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub xeev sib txawv, uas yog, cov dej khov hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev rov qab mus rau lub xeev ruaj khov ntawm chav tsev kub.Thiab siv cov qauv tsim nyog thiab cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb rau inkjet.Nyob rau hauv nws viscous flow xeev, nws yog molded rau hauv cov qauv tsim raws li xav tau thiab ces solidified nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub.Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis feem ntau suav nrog peb theem: hnyav kua nplaum-poob yas-txias thiab solidification.

Qhov zoo:

(1) Cov khoom muaj pob tshab zoo thiab gloss.
(2) Nws muaj lub cev muaj zog xws li tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam, tsis muaj dej, thiab tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj.
(3) Nws muaj qhov tshwj xeeb peb-dimensional nyhuv.

Daim ntawv thov:

hnab looj tes yas, balloons, hnab looj tes, thiab lwm yam.

Blister Tsim

Blister forming, tseem hu ua lub tshuab nqus tsev, yog ib qho ntawm cov thermoplastic thermoforming txoj kev.Nws yog hais txog lub clamping ntawm daim ntawv los yog phaj khoom ntawm tus ncej ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev-forming tshuab.Tom qab cua sov thiab softening, nws yuav adsorbed ntawm pwm los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum los ntawm cov cua channel ntawm ntug ntawm pwm.Tom qab lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm qhov txias, cov khoom yas molded tau txais.

Txheej txheem nta:

Lub tshuab nqus tsev txoj kev feem ntau suav nrog concave tuag lub tshuab nqus tsev tsim, concave tuag lub tshuab nqus tsev tsim, concave thiab convex tuag successive nqus tsev, npuas tshuab nqus tsev sib sau, plunger push-down lub tshuab nqus tsev tsim, lub tshuab nqus tsev sib sau nrog roj tsis khoom, thiab lwm yam.

Qhov zoo:

Cov cuab yeej siv tau yooj yim, cov pwm tsis tas yuav tsum tau tiv taus siab thiab tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov hlau, ntoo, lossis gypsum, nrog rau kev sib sau ceev ceev thiab ua haujlwm yooj yim.

Daim ntawv thov:

Siv dav hauv kev ntim khoom sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm cov khoom noj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, khoom siv hluav taws xob, khoom siv, khoom ua si, khoom siv tes ua, tshuaj, khoom siv kho mob, khoom siv niaj hnub, ntawv sau, thiab lwm yam lag luam;cov khob pov tseg, ntau lub khob zoo li lub khob, thiab lwm yam., reeding trays, seedling trays, degradable fast food boxes.

Slush Molding

Slush molding yog pouring paste yas (plastisol) rau hauv pwm (concave los yog poj niam pwm) uas yog preheated rau ib tug tej yam kub.Cov yas muab tshuaj ze rau ntawm phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm lub pwm kab noj hniav yuav gel vim cua sov, thiab tom qab ntawd ncuav tawm cov yas paste uas tsis tau geled.Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kho cua sov (ci thiab melting) cov yas muab tshuaj txuas rau sab hauv phab ntsa ntawm cov pwm kab noj hniav, thiab tom qab ntawd txias nws kom tau txais cov khoom hollow los ntawm pwm.

Txheej txheem nta:

(1) Cov khoom siv qis qis, thiab kev tsim khoom siab ceev.
(2) Cov txheej txheem tswj tau yooj yim, tab sis qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tuab, thiab qhov zoo (qhov hnyav) ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo.

Daim ntawv thov:

Nws yog tsuas yog siv rau high-end tsheb dashboards thiab lwm yam khoom uas yuav tsum tau siab txhais tes thiab pom kev, slush yas khoom ua si, thiab lwm yam.